PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL HOMOGENIZED and economic profitability of fishing enterprises
ANGELES JULIO CESAR MORALES
ABSTRACT The purpose of the thesis was to establish the influence of the Production of Fishmeal Homogenized in the profitability of fishing enterprises. The study was a descriptive research design because it was to clarify the relationship between two variables. We used a model of operations research to optimize profitability. Specifically, we formulated a linear programming model to find an "optimal" solution. The results show that it is possible to find the "best" solution to the problem taking into account the protein, fat and moisture. For a ton of fish meal has been determined homogenized mix 812 kilos of flour, whole fish and 188 kilos of flour, canned fish waste, increasing the overall profitability of the company's 37.56% to 82.34% .
KEYWORDS: Operations Research, Optimization, Linear Programming, Fish Meal, Model, economic return, homogenization, proteins, fats, moisture.
ANGELES JULIO CESAR MORALES
ABSTRACT The purpose of the thesis was to establish the influence of the Production of Fishmeal Homogenized in the profitability of fishing enterprises. The study was a descriptive research design because it was to clarify the relationship between two variables. We used a model of operations research to optimize profitability. Specifically, we formulated a linear programming model to find an "optimal" solution. The results show that it is possible to find the "best" solution to the problem taking into account the protein, fat and moisture. For a ton of fish meal has been determined homogenized mix 812 kilos of flour, whole fish and 188 kilos of flour, canned fish waste, increasing the overall profitability of the company's 37.56% to 82.34% .
KEYWORDS: Operations Research, Optimization, Linear Programming, Fish Meal, Model, economic return, homogenization, proteins, fats, moisture.
INTRODUCTION
Contracts export trade of traditional fish meal have a fixed dollar amount for fishmeal with preset parameters. Means that if the exporter gives a higher flour protein content, no additional payment, however, if the exporter provides a flour with less protein then the calculations are made to apply a penalty. In the port of Chimbote occur, generally speaking, two types of flour, whole fish and canned waste. The alternative to not waste the excess flour proteins of whole species and not assume the penalty is to achieve homogenization. This homogenization must be planned and calculated correctly due to large volumes of flour that is produced and a homogenization process incurs high costs. According to Kuramoto (2005) the competitive advantages of the fish meal industry in Chimbote cluster and are based on the abundance of anchovies. Chimbote has a sea for the development of this marine species. Nationally, environmental legislation has had a favorable effect on the efficiency of flour companies. Modernization has reduced the conversion ratio of raw materials of 5.01 tons of flour per MT anchovy meal to 4.3. The first meal production has become a source of competitive advantage due to better market price. Chimbote does not enjoy this advantage because it only produces 6% of the first meal (or 13% if the district includes Coishco). Cabrera (1999) indicates that the raw material consists of three main fractions: solid (non-fat dry matter), oil and water. From 1000 kg of dry matter are obtained 212 kg of flour and 108 kg of oil. The purpose is to separate these fractions as small as possible, at least cost and under conditions that promote quality.
Bravo (2003) notes that the economic rate of return has to measure the return that provides the business regardless of how it was financed, while the rate of return on equity has to measure the return shareholders after payment of debt.
Taha (2005) indicates that operations research is the science that allows us to model systems and establish symbolically, with the support of the computer give significant guidance in making wise decisions. The problem specifically was: To what extent the production of fishmeal homogenized influences the profitability of fishing companies? Our hypothesis was that the Fishmeal Production Homogenized significantly increases the profitability of fishing enterprises. METHOD
The work was carried out using the Operations Research Linear programming model for the shipping warehouse belonging to a limited fishery. This model was built taking into account the percentage of protein, fat and moisture requirements and rates available in the whole fish flour and flour from fish canning waste produced at the plant. Below is a brief explanation of how the model.
a) Objects. The linear programming model used the following: 1 .-
Fishmeal for Export (Homogenized fish meal), whose requirements are: Protein, 64% (minimum), Grease, from 9 to 10.5% and Humidity , between 9.5 to 11%.
2 .- Whole fish meal produced in Planta: Which is in store shipments in bags of 50 kg and stowed in piles of 1000 bags according to NTP 204.039:1986 (sets the minimum requirements to be observed during storage fishmeal, both packaged and bulk). Percentages of protein, fat and moisture vary with several factors in his capture and processing. 3 .-
Waste Flour Canned Fish: Which is in store flour in bags of 50 kg and stowed in piles of 1000 bags. Percentages of protein, fat and moisture vary according to the source of waste and various factors in production.
b) Material. For information on the composition of all fishmeal used in the study used the reports of the Quality Control department of the company and private laboratories in the city whose samples are based on the standard NTP 204.038:1986 (Sets the method for the extraction of samples of fish meal intended for microbiological analysis) and NTP 204.034:1985 (Establishes the technical and administrative conditions for the sampling of fish meal, with the help of quality control, for purposes commercial, technical and legal). Analyses were conducted according to technical standards 204.023:1982 NTP (Sets the method for determining crude protein in fish meal), NTP 204.030:1985 (Set a routine method and a reference to determine the moisture content in fish meal), fats and NTP 204.033:1985 (Establishes a method for determining the hexane extract (routine method) and diethyl ether extract (reference method) in fish meal). For the graphical solution of the model software was used for GLP and analytical programs and WinQSB TORA.
c) Procedure. This work began compiling practical information (quality control) and the export contract to establish the constitutive restrictions model also gathered information from the Accounting Department regarding the costs of production piles of fish meal. This information is very important, since these determine the homogenized fish meal is made. With the information collected parameters were selected to consider taking out the definition of the model. Constitutive restrictions were established, terms of total quantity and cost for each type of flour to the logical operation of the model. In addition, we verified the consistency of units and the units were chosen to use for each constraint, in this case was a percentage. The value of the binding constraint should be the amount to be obtained, also a percentage of weight (which must be multiplied by 100) and must be a consistency restriction which requires that the mixture should be made for a ton of flour (restriction of quantity.) Then, enter the data into the computer using selected computer programs. RESULTS
The optimization study on the production of fishmeal homogenized made can be divided into three main parts: first, the formulation of linear programming model, and second, the data processing and entry into programs for computing the amounts to be mixed, and finally, implementation homogenization itself, thereby validating results from Quality Control. The following describes in detail each of these stages.
Formulation of the Model in Linear Programming.
Decision Variables:
X1: Weight (TN) of whole fish flour to mix
X2: Weight (TN) flour mixed waste
Objective Function:
Since we want to increase profitability, the economic function or objective function is:
Maximize (Z) = R1 R2 X1 + X2
Restrictions:
P1 X1 + P2 X2> = 64 (proteins)
G1 G2 X1 + X2 X1 + G2 G1 <= 10.5 (Máx. De Grasas)
X2> = 9 (Min. of fat)
H1 H2 X1 + X2 X1 + H1 H2 <= 11 (Máx. De Humedad)
X2> = 9.5 (min humidity) X1 + X2
<= 1 (Consistencia)
X1, X2> = 0 (non negativity)
Parameters:
R1 = Return on whole fish flour.
R2 = Return on wet waste meal of canned fish.
Proteins P1 = whole fish flour. P2 =
Protein Flour wet waste of canned fish.
G1 = Fat whole fish flour.
G2 = Fat wet waste meal of canned fish.
H1 = Moisture whole fish flour.
H2 = humidity of the wet waste meal of canned fish.
Contracts export trade of traditional fish meal have a fixed dollar amount for fishmeal with preset parameters. Means that if the exporter gives a higher flour protein content, no additional payment, however, if the exporter provides a flour with less protein then the calculations are made to apply a penalty. In the port of Chimbote occur, generally speaking, two types of flour, whole fish and canned waste. The alternative to not waste the excess flour proteins of whole species and not assume the penalty is to achieve homogenization. This homogenization must be planned and calculated correctly due to large volumes of flour that is produced and a homogenization process incurs high costs. According to Kuramoto (2005) the competitive advantages of the fish meal industry in Chimbote cluster and are based on the abundance of anchovies. Chimbote has a sea for the development of this marine species. Nationally, environmental legislation has had a favorable effect on the efficiency of flour companies. Modernization has reduced the conversion ratio of raw materials of 5.01 tons of flour per MT anchovy meal to 4.3. The first meal production has become a source of competitive advantage due to better market price. Chimbote does not enjoy this advantage because it only produces 6% of the first meal (or 13% if the district includes Coishco). Cabrera (1999) indicates that the raw material consists of three main fractions: solid (non-fat dry matter), oil and water. From 1000 kg of dry matter are obtained 212 kg of flour and 108 kg of oil. The purpose is to separate these fractions as small as possible, at least cost and under conditions that promote quality.
Bravo (2003) notes that the economic rate of return has to measure the return that provides the business regardless of how it was financed, while the rate of return on equity has to measure the return shareholders after payment of debt.
Taha (2005) indicates that operations research is the science that allows us to model systems and establish symbolically, with the support of the computer give significant guidance in making wise decisions. The problem specifically was: To what extent the production of fishmeal homogenized influences the profitability of fishing companies? Our hypothesis was that the Fishmeal Production Homogenized significantly increases the profitability of fishing enterprises. METHOD
The work was carried out using the Operations Research Linear programming model for the shipping warehouse belonging to a limited fishery. This model was built taking into account the percentage of protein, fat and moisture requirements and rates available in the whole fish flour and flour from fish canning waste produced at the plant. Below is a brief explanation of how the model.
a) Objects. The linear programming model used the following: 1 .-
Fishmeal for Export (Homogenized fish meal), whose requirements are: Protein, 64% (minimum), Grease, from 9 to 10.5% and Humidity , between 9.5 to 11%.
2 .- Whole fish meal produced in Planta: Which is in store shipments in bags of 50 kg and stowed in piles of 1000 bags according to NTP 204.039:1986 (sets the minimum requirements to be observed during storage fishmeal, both packaged and bulk). Percentages of protein, fat and moisture vary with several factors in his capture and processing. 3 .-
Waste Flour Canned Fish: Which is in store flour in bags of 50 kg and stowed in piles of 1000 bags. Percentages of protein, fat and moisture vary according to the source of waste and various factors in production.
b) Material. For information on the composition of all fishmeal used in the study used the reports of the Quality Control department of the company and private laboratories in the city whose samples are based on the standard NTP 204.038:1986 (Sets the method for the extraction of samples of fish meal intended for microbiological analysis) and NTP 204.034:1985 (Establishes the technical and administrative conditions for the sampling of fish meal, with the help of quality control, for purposes commercial, technical and legal). Analyses were conducted according to technical standards 204.023:1982 NTP (Sets the method for determining crude protein in fish meal), NTP 204.030:1985 (Set a routine method and a reference to determine the moisture content in fish meal), fats and NTP 204.033:1985 (Establishes a method for determining the hexane extract (routine method) and diethyl ether extract (reference method) in fish meal). For the graphical solution of the model software was used for GLP and analytical programs and WinQSB TORA.
c) Procedure. This work began compiling practical information (quality control) and the export contract to establish the constitutive restrictions model also gathered information from the Accounting Department regarding the costs of production piles of fish meal. This information is very important, since these determine the homogenized fish meal is made. With the information collected parameters were selected to consider taking out the definition of the model. Constitutive restrictions were established, terms of total quantity and cost for each type of flour to the logical operation of the model. In addition, we verified the consistency of units and the units were chosen to use for each constraint, in this case was a percentage. The value of the binding constraint should be the amount to be obtained, also a percentage of weight (which must be multiplied by 100) and must be a consistency restriction which requires that the mixture should be made for a ton of flour (restriction of quantity.) Then, enter the data into the computer using selected computer programs. RESULTS
The optimization study on the production of fishmeal homogenized made can be divided into three main parts: first, the formulation of linear programming model, and second, the data processing and entry into programs for computing the amounts to be mixed, and finally, implementation homogenization itself, thereby validating results from Quality Control. The following describes in detail each of these stages.
Formulation of the Model in Linear Programming.
Decision Variables:
X1: Weight (TN) of whole fish flour to mix
X2: Weight (TN) flour mixed waste
Objective Function:
Since we want to increase profitability, the economic function or objective function is:
Maximize (Z) = R1 R2 X1 + X2
Restrictions:
P1 X1 + P2 X2> = 64 (proteins)
G1 G2 X1 + X2 X1 + G2 G1 <= 10.5 (Máx. De Grasas)
X2> = 9 (Min. of fat)
H1 H2 X1 + X2 X1 + H1 H2 <= 11 (Máx. De Humedad)
X2> = 9.5 (min humidity) X1 + X2
<= 1 (Consistencia)
X1, X2> = 0 (non negativity)
Parameters:
R1 = Return on whole fish flour.
R2 = Return on wet waste meal of canned fish.
Proteins P1 = whole fish flour. P2 =
Protein Flour wet waste of canned fish.
G1 = Fat whole fish flour.
G2 = Fat wet waste meal of canned fish.
H1 = Moisture whole fish flour.
H2 = humidity of the wet waste meal of canned fish.
Data Processing.
Table 1 summarizes the results of quality control analysis of piles of whole fish meal, as can be seen, each pile has different levels of protein, fat and moisture. The Ruma 007-07 had higher protein content, while the pile 012-07 had the lowest content. It also shows the costs of production and economic returns associated with each tonne of flour Whole Fish, as they are reported by the accounting department. The different production costs pile of flour were mainly due to the freshness with which they processed the raw material resulting in different rates of return and / or productivity. A freshness higher performance and greater profitability. In some cases, maintenance costs or damage emerging increased production costs.
Table 1 summarizes the results of quality control analysis of piles of whole fish meal, as can be seen, each pile has different levels of protein, fat and moisture. The Ruma 007-07 had higher protein content, while the pile 012-07 had the lowest content. It also shows the costs of production and economic returns associated with each tonne of flour Whole Fish, as they are reported by the accounting department. The different production costs pile of flour were mainly due to the freshness with which they processed the raw material resulting in different rates of return and / or productivity. A freshness higher performance and greater profitability. In some cases, maintenance costs or damage emerging increased production costs.
Table 2 summarizes the results of quality control analysis of the piles of flour Canned Fish wastes that can be seen in the low protein level. The pile-R 018-06 had the highest protein content, while the pile-R 002-07 showed that 52.94% is the lowest in protein. Production costs and profitability (at normal prices) associated with each tonne of flour Canned Fish wastes are shown in same table.
Table 3 summarizes the new indicators of costs and profits per tonne pile of whole fish flour and flour pile of canned fish waste involved in the production of fishmeal homogenized . Added the rework costs and utility is estimated at $ 1000 per tonne. The profitability of the whole fish meal is 28.04% which compared to its profitability, from Table 1, 29.7% is slightly lower for include costs of rework. The profitability of waste meal of canned fish is to 136.63% compared to its profitability, from Table 2, of 45.42% is significantly higher for estimated at U.S. $ 1000 per tonne.
Figure 1 shows the initial board of the TORA model in the program to process and determine the correct amount to mix whole fish flour and flour residue canned fish. A first application is to mix the pile and the pile 007-07 017-06-R. You can see the goal of economic function is the maximization (max), the economic return per tonne of each type also can be seen the coefficients of the variables in the constraints. We can check the meaning of the symbols of inequality and right values.
Figure 2 shows the Data entry in the GLP program. Weighted constraints can be seen in the Cartesian plane and is shaded in green the feasible region, also the objective function can be seen in dashed lines. The feasible region is a polygon that forms the intersection of the solution set of all restrictions on the model and each point of the region solve the problem, but what is sought is the "best." In cell PAYOFF, objective function value is Z = 48.438, which indicates that the economic return weighted to the pile 1 of homogenized fish meal is 48.44%. In the bottom of the screen the words "Optimal Decisions" us X1 values, ie the amount of whole fish meal should be added, per ton, to the mixture and the X2 value representing the amount of residual fishmeal involved in the mix, such that we give " best "solution, for our study is the X1 and X2 0.812 0.188. For the practical effects of plant means that for every 812 bags of whole fish meal must be added 188 sacks of fishmeal wastewater.
Figure 3 shows the optimal board TORA software, you can see that the solution is obtained in the fifth iteration, the value of the objective function "Obj value" is representing 48.4389 Z value = 48.44% of cost effectiveness for the pile 1 weighted fishmeal homogenized. It also appreciates the contribution of each variable to obtain the percentage of profitability, the whole fish flour contributes 22.77% and flour residue canned fish with 25.67%. The value of X1 is 0.8121 which represents approximately 81.2% of whole fish meal and the value of X2 equal to 0.1879 which represents approximately 18.8% of fish meal in the mixture residual total.
FIGURE 3. Homogenized fish meal (Ruma1) obtained with TORA.
4 is the solution to the problem with the software WinQSB, we Note that the values \u200b\u200bfor the decision variables are equal to those obtained with the application of LPG and TORA program, are appreciated the contribution of each variable in the solution. An important development in this software is that it presents the results indicating the date and time of processing. The column "Left Hand Side" indicates the theoretical values \u200b\u200bthat must be Homogenized Fishmeal. That is, in theory, should get 64% protein, fats and 9.7662% of 10.1050% humidity. The column "Slack or Surplus" shows the clearance of each constraint.
Figure 4. Homogenized fish meal (Ruma1) obtained WinQSB. Running
Optimization.
With the theoretical results, we proceeded to perform the optimization process, ie production of Ruma 1 Fishmeal homogenized. The process was carried out by personnel of a service company hired specifically for rework. We proceeded to blend 812 bags of whole fish flour and 188 bags of waste fish meal. They used a mixer type "giraffe" which consists of two input hoppers and a helical channel to raise and deliver the mixture in a ensaque mouth. The homogenization process took about 3 hours. Once the process is proceeded to sample the new pile of flour homogenized fish, resulting in Table 4 which summarizes the indicator values, obtained according to calculations and those actually obtained:
The theoretical moisture difference and that obtained in reality, it is minimal, because the homogenized flour absorbed moisture from the environment to be reprocessed, but the results are within the permitted level.
Table 5 presents the final values \u200b\u200bof profitability and a ton of fishmeal homogenized. You can see the significant increases in profitability per tonne from 37.56% to 82.34% and for every ton of mix of the pile 1 is achieved an increase of 32.66% to 48.45%.
DISCUSSION This paper has presented an application of operations research to establish the influence of the Production of Fishmeal Homogenized in the economic viability of fishing enterprises. The results show that using linear programming optimization strategy, we can find an "optimal" solution to the problem. These results make us conclude that, at least in this particular application, using the model developed significantly increases profitability. The overall profitability of the company increased from 37.56% to 82.34%, which at times current permanent closures is very attractive to investors. The economic weighted homogenized fish meal increased from 32.66% to 48.45%, this indicator takes into account the percentage contribution of the components of the mixture. These results encourage the production of flour, canned fish waste to avoid the bad practices of sun drying, some unscrupulous individuals do, generating foci of infection and also prevent environmental pollution.
Salazar (1995) indicates that any model is theoretical, then it is necessary to approach the expert, in the case of this study was verified with laboratory results, after homogenization process, the percentages of protein, fat and humidity are obtained within the requirements of the foreign buyer.
As future research plans to continue evaluating this tool in different fishing companies. Moreover, it is of great interest to try other operations research techniques such as simulation and dynamic programming, among others, to study and compare the economic returns to eventually propose to choose what strategy piles provide the most economic return . REFERENCES
Angeles, J, and Aquino, V. (1998). Implementation of a Preventive Maintenance Program in Fish Meal Factory Challwa Ancash. Chimbote: Tesis Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.
Bravo, S. (2003). Analysis of financial and economic performance. Lima: Esan.
Cabrera, C. (1999). Environmental compatibility of the fish meal industry in Paracas - Pisco. Institutional Research Review Science Geography Faculty Mining Metallurgy, 2, 119-134. ISSN 1561-0888.
I. Gass, Saul. (1985). Linear programming. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Guiagale, M, Fretwell-Cibils, V, and Newman, J. (2006). Peru. The opportunity of a different country. Lima: World Bank.
Kuramoto, J. (2005). The fishing cluster Chimbote: Partnership limited and the tragedy of the collective. Lima: GRADE.
Salazar, J. (1994). Development and Application of Linear Programming Model (Computer) Balanced Food. Valparaíso: Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.
Taha, H. (2005). Operations Research, an introduction. Mexico: Prentice Hall.
Optimization.
With the theoretical results, we proceeded to perform the optimization process, ie production of Ruma 1 Fishmeal homogenized. The process was carried out by personnel of a service company hired specifically for rework. We proceeded to blend 812 bags of whole fish flour and 188 bags of waste fish meal. They used a mixer type "giraffe" which consists of two input hoppers and a helical channel to raise and deliver the mixture in a ensaque mouth. The homogenization process took about 3 hours. Once the process is proceeded to sample the new pile of flour homogenized fish, resulting in Table 4 which summarizes the indicator values, obtained according to calculations and those actually obtained:
The theoretical moisture difference and that obtained in reality, it is minimal, because the homogenized flour absorbed moisture from the environment to be reprocessed, but the results are within the permitted level.
Table 5 presents the final values \u200b\u200bof profitability and a ton of fishmeal homogenized. You can see the significant increases in profitability per tonne from 37.56% to 82.34% and for every ton of mix of the pile 1 is achieved an increase of 32.66% to 48.45%.
DISCUSSION This paper has presented an application of operations research to establish the influence of the Production of Fishmeal Homogenized in the economic viability of fishing enterprises. The results show that using linear programming optimization strategy, we can find an "optimal" solution to the problem. These results make us conclude that, at least in this particular application, using the model developed significantly increases profitability. The overall profitability of the company increased from 37.56% to 82.34%, which at times current permanent closures is very attractive to investors. The economic weighted homogenized fish meal increased from 32.66% to 48.45%, this indicator takes into account the percentage contribution of the components of the mixture. These results encourage the production of flour, canned fish waste to avoid the bad practices of sun drying, some unscrupulous individuals do, generating foci of infection and also prevent environmental pollution.
Salazar (1995) indicates that any model is theoretical, then it is necessary to approach the expert, in the case of this study was verified with laboratory results, after homogenization process, the percentages of protein, fat and humidity are obtained within the requirements of the foreign buyer.
As future research plans to continue evaluating this tool in different fishing companies. Moreover, it is of great interest to try other operations research techniques such as simulation and dynamic programming, among others, to study and compare the economic returns to eventually propose to choose what strategy piles provide the most economic return . REFERENCES
Angeles, J, and Aquino, V. (1998). Implementation of a Preventive Maintenance Program in Fish Meal Factory Challwa Ancash. Chimbote: Tesis Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.
Bravo, S. (2003). Analysis of financial and economic performance. Lima: Esan.
Cabrera, C. (1999). Environmental compatibility of the fish meal industry in Paracas - Pisco. Institutional Research Review Science Geography Faculty Mining Metallurgy, 2, 119-134. ISSN 1561-0888.
I. Gass, Saul. (1985). Linear programming. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Guiagale, M, Fretwell-Cibils, V, and Newman, J. (2006). Peru. The opportunity of a different country. Lima: World Bank.
Kuramoto, J. (2005). The fishing cluster Chimbote: Partnership limited and the tragedy of the collective. Lima: GRADE.
Salazar, J. (1994). Development and Application of Linear Programming Model (Computer) Balanced Food. Valparaíso: Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.
Taha, H. (2005). Operations Research, an introduction. Mexico: Prentice Hall.
0 comments:
Post a Comment