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Logic and algorithm

Logic and Algorithm

Agenda:

1. What is a program?

2. language processors.

3. Steps in solving a computer problem.

4. Programming.

• algorithm. Test
• desktop.
• Encoding.
• Compiling and running.
• error rates.

Development
1. What is a program?

is a logical sequence of instructions, written in a programming language, which determine the operations to be undertaken by the computer.

• logical sequence: refers to the order in which instructions will be executed by the compiler.

program in two ways: linear and nonlinear.

• Linear: means to execute instructions as they are, without any fork, or dedición or repetitive structures.
• Nonlinear concerns that are not going to follow the instructions in that order but it may vary depending on the logical order logic.

should add that there are two types of program: source and object:

• Source: the programmer writes in a particular programming language.
• Object: is the program that uses the computer. Is the translation of source language the computer understands. Ones and zeros.

2. language processors.

language processors are programs that take the source program and convert it to language of the machine.

These are divided into two categories:

• compiler: the program supplied by the manufacturer of the language. This makes the following functions:

· translates the source language functions.

· memory space allocation.

· Create an error report in the program.

· create the program object (only if the source is free from errors).

· Provides variables and other data.

· Compilation is the process where it becomes the source program instructions in the language of the machine.

• Interpret: is a program that will read the program line by line and translating and executing it goes. In this case, there is no complete translation .

3. Steps in solving a computer problem.

In devising a solution to a given problem must be that it is a task that involves art and science. Art that requires ingenuity, boldness, subtlety, and so on. That science has a methodology to follow.

• Defining the problem: here we must ask what the problem theoretically. We must have a clear vision of what we have and need to throw the desired results. I have to think that input I need to get what I want. Input data refers to the type of data they need to solve the problem.

• Analysis and design of the program: At this time we have a clear vision of what things I do and in what order should I run to yield the desired product. It should be noted that we should expect all the problems that may occur in the program.

All analyzes developer must ask: what do I have?, What should I do?, What should I produce?, How do I prevent problems? Etc.

4. Programming.

Programming, define it as a way to solve a given problem in the most efficient way possible. Not just write a program, if not, make finding a solution to the problem.

different techniques are used as algorithms, data flow diagrams (DFD's), desktop test, etc.

• Algorithm is a technique that helps us think about possible solution of the problem, any circumstances that arise and that an accurate solution is unique and finite. The algorithm is the tool used to translate the logical sequence of the program. The way of writing the algorithm is called pseudocode. Its characteristics is that it must be accurate, concise, finite and defined.

Rules for making algorithms:

1. All instructions must be written in upper case closed.

2. If multiple instructions can be separated by commas.

3. All algorithm should start with the word begins and ends with END.

4. To write instructions, either entry, exit or other, must be written in the format given.

5. alphanumeric constants must be enclosed in quotes.

6. To call a subroutine or procedure will be done with the word RUN, followed by the name of the procedure.

7. In an algorithm is possible to use arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,>, <,<>, =) as the logical (AND, OR, NOT).

• desktop test, is to make a comprehensive test program to verify that produces the desired results and is free of errors.

• Coding: This is to translate each line of the algorithm, a particular programming language.

• Compilation: to transform the source program into a language the computer understands. Here you create the program object.

• Execution: the computer is going line by line running the program object (compiled source our program).

• types of errors are those detected at compile time. These are:

· Compile Error: these errors are found at the time of compilation. Are due to error or failure of the syntax of the language. If there is a syntax error, the compiler does not recognize the instruction and therefore will not create the program object or statement appear.

· execution errors are those errors where you run when you can not. Read the instruction, but can not perform. Example: division by zero, the root of a negative number, etc.

· logical errors: errors are more difficult to detect because it does not display non-performance compilation errors. Is due to bad platemiento and resolving the problem.

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Create a restore point with a double click

Hello visitors ...
As not all programming, here are a section for computer secciuón applied.

The procedure is easy.

Development:

1. We create a lock application notes anywhere. It may be in My Documents on your desktop. That's not important.

2. Locked open, enter this code:
September sr = GetObject ("winmgmts: \\ \\. \\ root \\ d EFAULT: SystemRestore")

msg = "Created a new restore point." & VbCr msg = msg &
"His name is:" & vbCr msg = msg &
"Automatic Restore Point" & Date & "" & Time

If (sr.createrestorepoint ("Point automatic restoration ", 0, 100)) = 0 Then MsgBox msg

end if

3. Then save it with an appropriate name.

4. Created lock application notes, now we change the extension from txt to vbs (visual basic scripting languages).

And presto, we have our scrip ready.

must give this message:



Comproband
o. ..












hope will be of great utility.

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Dreamweaver 8

Hello friends, how are they, I hope well ...

tutorial Here I bring a very interesting and many people are going to fall more than good ...

The theme is: "How to make web pages Macromedia Dreamweaver 8 "( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/1-1.jpg )

the end of this tutorial, we can make a basic html page (first part) and frameworks (second part).

Requirements:

have installed Dreamweaver 8, Picture editor (read: paint, paint.NET, photoshop, paint shop pro, etc..) To make or edit your images, banners or necesario.En this tutorial we will make these two types Pages: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/6-1.jpg
http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/7- 1.jpg


Begin!

1. Open Dreamweaver 8 and we will see the welcome screen ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/2-1.jpg ).

2. On the menu that are at the center ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/3-1.jpg ) we see the options that gives the program: open, create and build from . ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/4-1.jpg ).

3. First let's see a basic html page ... then choose "create new", html.

4. After loading, we found our development environment ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/5-1.jpg ).

5. In a basic html page We can do many things, such as inserting images, and writing, we can add a special format that we write, color the page, etc.. To make the page you want to do, is something cesillo. We define the black color as the background and inserted two images of black background and a flash button.

6. To set the color to the page, we know that is a property, then, makes us think that we should find the properties of the page. ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u..._boy17/8-1.jpg ). Otherwise we can button to the page or move the eyelash that was in the lower right.

7. Within this sale of property have the options such as: Source page (the font used in it), size (referring to the font size), Color of text (we all know that is), Background Color ( same as above), Wallpaper (hurts to say), repeat (this property tells you if you want to repeat the image in various ways ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u225/Zero_boy17/10- 1.jpg) not to repeat: do not repeat it, just a look, repeat: I repeated the whole page, repeat x: te repeated in the x-axis, but at the top, and repeat: I repeated on the left side of the sheet.) margin (left, right, top and bottom): determine the margins of the page.

8. Since we want a black page, just select the background color for pantalla.Hay two ways to work the html: through charts or normal (read, make a single image with others, letters, etc. .)

We are going to make a basic html page, the two forms ... with tables and images (banners).

9. Let's make a table title. How do we create? We go to the Insert menu and then select "Table" ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/11-1.jpg ). After We will table settings ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/12-1.jpg ). If we look, we see the properties of it: rows, columns, wide ... header, etc. Then we left and, if needed.

10. We accept ... and we stay like this: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/13-1.jpg

11. If we write in the table, you can align left, right or center, but there is one thing, if you leave the table as well, so will appear on the page, so modify the properties of it: http:// i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/14-1.jpg . Clarified, selected when the cursor puts the edge in rojo.Para not appear in the table, change the values \u200b\u200bof "edge" and equal to 0.

12. To create the page title ("Fumolijup - Herrera") and listed in the center, write in it, the text block and headed to the "Text", we seek the "align" and choose "center" ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/15-1.jpg ).

13. If we change the source, just choose the same menu, only "source" ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/16-1.jpg ). Si deseamos cambiar el tamaño de la fuente, solo desplegamos la barra de propiedades y cambiamos el tamaño: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/17-1.jpg . Si quieres cambiarle el color de la letra, cambias su propiedad hay mismo: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/18-1.jpg Ahora vamos a hacer la parte del centro. Esta haremos con una imagen. Obviamente, dará un poco más de trabajo ya que hay que hacer que ese banner o imagen tenga las características de la página en sí; es decir, color negro del fondo, que no sea ni tan ancha ni tan alta…etc. Ya hice la imagen y así queda: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...boy17/19-1.jpg Am I clear?

14. When we insert any image, go to the Insert menu and choose "image" ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/20.jpg ). Obviously, we ran a couple of rows for that would not be as tight in the title.

15. We will this when dialogue: ihttp: / / i169.photobucket.com/albums/u225/Zero_boy17/21.jpg We accept our image.

16. We find this: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/22.jpg

17. To be in the center, as we have done previously, select and change its properties: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/23.jpg And look this: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17 / 24.jpg Now for the bottom, in the flash button. There is need to have Flash 8, set aside, only if you want to export a flash for your Web.

18. We go to button "flash" which is below the menus "site" and "window" ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/25.jpg ). Choose the option "flash button ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/26.jpg .)

19. We will run into this window will be as an assistant to create the button ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/27.jpg ). The only thing to note is that the style is the type of button that you are taught to "sample." The link (or hyperlink) is the link to the page you want to load when you press the button. Fate is like you going to open (this applies to frames). Another thing ... you must define the background color, in this case: black. Then another window will aceptar.Te accessibility, if you want, fill the data or not.

With this we have completed our Welcome, in a basic html.

Now the second part, we will work on Home Page (home page) with frames.

1.To the left, find the "frameset" ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/28.jpg ). You click on it.

2.Te the following window: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/29.jpg

3.In the center of it, it shows possible sets available ah pick your pleasure.

4.Encojemos the three frames that fit our target ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/30.jpg ). And then "create"

you will get a window that is titled "Accessibility Options" which helps us to relate the frames.

Then we met our three frames we wanted ( http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/31.jpg ).

Like we did for the basic HTML, understood to add color, tables, images, applies here.

5.Ahora insert the banner at the top. Place the cursor in the framework, in this case will be higher and we went to the Insert menu, choose "image" We all find the picture protocol, and then accept. For us it is just the image, we must put the value of 0 (zero) on the left, right, top and bottom, so that the image does not look bad to us from somewhere: ( http://i169.photobucket .com/albums/u..._boy17/9-1.jpg ).

We must look like this: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/32.jpg

6.Now; we are the same for the center frame, but this time, we can not put an image, remember that there are going to write, are you understanding what I mean? Place, then a picture that is repeated, that is, you have to put an image Background: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/33.jpg

7.For the left frame, we set a background color. Place the cursor in the frame. As we will change are the attributes or properties, we obviously have to go there. In the Properties window frame, just change the color or you can just put an image, all to taste. For purposes of the tutorial, provides only color, but I say it is a matter of taste. In the end we should look like: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u...o_boy17/34.jpg

Now, when we extend in under the center, downward, we are not going to run the right frame. It can be done both frames stay the same size, but you have to make the user feel comfortable when visiting the page, what does this mean? That each time the user having to change the topic on the page, you will need to reload the page. So we left him, so that each time the user has to change the topic, information is loaded into the same frame. This is efficiency. Am I explaining what you want to convey? Yes? ... Yes?

Later, I'll add another tutorial to insert flash on our site You put here.

I hope this helps a lot.
Anything, I'm willing to help.

Have fun! Saellvertu
!






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CORRECTION AND CONSISTENCY BETWEEN MULTIPLE ASSESSORS

Usually when assessments are carried out large-scale academic performance, it is common to use different types of questions. While initially, National Assessments used only multiple choice closed questions, from the IN 2001 is also used open questions in the tests administered by the Ministry of Education. At present, various evaluation systems used for such questions as reported by Patz, Junker, Johnson and Mariano (2002) open questions are commonly used in large-scale educational assessments, as they allow more complex to evaluate educational achievement.

This improved assessment tools brings additional complexity, is that automated systems can not be used for the correction of the questions. A test consists only of closed questions can be described using any computer program a template for comparing and rating the responses of each of the persons assessed to each of the questions, in order to assign the score accordingly. In contrast, open response correction involves a different procedure. Usually working with a group of judges [1] independent read, evaluate and score the answers to the questions.

When working with the evaluations made by the judges, is always involved some degree of subjectivity, which is reduced by training the assessors and the creation of manuals qualification criteria that seek to standardize the assessments made by the judges (Stemler 2004). Despite the important and useful it can be given training to judges, MacMillan (2000) warns that it has been very systematic training has given them, many investigations show that the variability between braces can not be eliminated altogether. For example, Wolfe (2004) distinguishes three types of effects or biases that may occur even after the judges have been trained:

1. Accuracy / Unclear:
- involves how well trained or who has much experience is a judge to assign accurate ratings. That is, it assumes that there is a standard, correct score and you want to see that both approaches a qualifier to that standard.
- The ability to assign precise scores depends on many factors, both personal (education, training, thinking styles, etc..) And contextual (no distracting social interactions that occur in the environment rating, etc.)..

2. Severity / Leniencia
- In these cases there may be qualifiers that consistently give higher scores when compared with the other qualifiers (Lenient) or that give lower grades (severe).

3. Centrality / extremism
- This effect implies that raters tend to use mainly the intermediate grades (centralization) or only the high and low (extremism)
Given the presence of these biases is very important to evaluate inter-rater reliability, which is defined by Stemler (2004) as the degree of agreement between a particular set of judges, using a specific assessment instrument at a specific time. This is a property of the assessment situation, not the instrument itself. Therefore must be tested each time you change the assessment situation.

analyzes inter-rater reliability have generally worked from three theoretical models: the Classical Test Theory, Generalizability Theory and Rasch Model multifaceted. It is also important to note that inter-rater reliability is not a unitary concept as there are different perspectives on the conceptualization and analysis. Thus, Stemler (2004) proposed a tripartite classification of the various types of estimates of inter-rater reliability, the synthesis presented below

1. Consensus:
- The consensus estimates are based on the assumption that two or more independent observers must reach an agreement over exactly how to apply various levels of a rating scale to observed behavior.
- This index is most useful when data are nominal in nature, ie the rating scale represents qualitative differences.
- The methods used for this type of reliability involves calculating the percentage of agreement, sometimes referred rate agreements (Drain 1998), Cohen's Kappa and other less used as the Jaccard J, G Index Delta index proposed by Martin and Femia (2004). These indices have the disadvantage of having to apply to each question and each pair of judges.
- is important to note that there is a variant of Kappa, Kappa known as a hub, which can be applied when more than two raters (Watkins 2002).

2. Consistency:
- consistency estimates assume that no two judges need to show consensus on the use of a rating scale, provided that the differences of consensus is applied consistently. That is, the judge may be assigned to always or almost always grade 1 to certain types of responses, while the judge assigned B always or almost always score 3 to the same type of response. Therefore, the difference in scores between the two will be predictable and may corrected by the use of additive constants.
- This approach is used when quantitative data is continuous, but can also be applied to ordinal variables, if you are supposed to represent a continuum along a single dimension.
- The advantage of this approach is that if there is a consistency in ratings between judges, strategies can be applied correction for differences in severity. For example, if a judge gives a grade point above that of another judge B and this is repeated consistently, the correlation between both ratings is quite high and may equate the scores of both judges minus one for all people who were tested by Judge A.
- The procedures for consistency estimates include the Pearson correlation (continuous variables) and Spearman (ordinal variables). In the case of having several judges, you can use the Kendall's W (Cairns 2003, Legendre 2005).

3. Size:
- Estimates of measurement postulate that should be used all the available information on the judges when it comes to creating a final grade for each person tested. For example, you can control the effects of severity or leniency when assigning grades.
- are used when the different levels of the rating scale intended to represent different levels of a latent variable dimensional. They also serve when you have several judges and it is impossible that all qualified judges all questions. That is, they have an incomplete data matrix, with connections through ordinary people (a person or group of persons is rated independently by different judges, but not all people are ranked by all judges).
- The procedure most often used for such estimates is the multi-faceted Rasch analysis. In the case of modeling the qualifications of judges as a facet, assumed that the probability of response to a question is a function of the ability of those who answered the question, the difficulty of the question and the severity of the correction (Bond and Fox 2001). Another alternative is proposed by Patz, Junker, Johnson and Mariano (2002) called the Hierarchical Model of Assessors (HRM), which in the context of Generalizability Theory, using the distributions of the latent abilities inherent Response Theory the Item, instead of distributions of true scores and normal distribution assumptions.



REFERENCES Barrett, P. (2001). Assessing the reliability of rating data. Retrieved April 25, 2005, from http://www.liv.ac.uk/ ~ pbarrett / rater.pdf. T. Bond
and Fox, Ch (2001). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Cairns, P. (2003). MSC in Research Methods Statistics: Examples of Correlations. UCL Interaction Centre. Retrieved April 26, 2005, from http://www.uclic.ucl.ac.uk/paul/PsyStats/4NonParaCorrel/4Examples.pdf.
Drain, M. (1998). Quantification of content validity for judging criteria. Journal of Psychology, 6.
Legendre, P. (2005). Species Associations: The Kendall Coefficient of Concordance Revisited. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 10 (2), 226-245.
Macmillan, PD (2000). Classical, generalizability, and multifaceted Rasch interrater variability in detection of large, sparse sets. The Journal of Experimental Education, 68 (2), 167-190.
Martín, A. y Femia, M. (2004). Delta: A new measure of agreement between two raters. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 57, 1-19.
Patz R.J., Junker, B.W., Johnson, M.S. y Mariano, L. (2002). The hierarchical rater model for rated tests items and its application to large-scale educational assessment data. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 27 (4), 341-384.
Stemler, S. E. (2004) A comparison of consensus, consistency, and measurement approaches to estimating interrater reliability. Practical Assessment, Research &amp; Evaluation, 9 (4). Consulta hecha en 06/03/2005.
Watkins, M. W. (2002). MacKappa [programa informático]. Pennsylvania State University: Author.
Wolfe, EW (2004). Identifying rater effects using latent trait models. Psychology Science, 46 (1), 35-51.
[1] In some cases they refer to people who perform this function as assessors, evaluators, observers, encoders or editors.

Dunk Tank Mechanism Drawing

Application of Operations Research at the Fisheries Sector

PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL HOMOGENIZED and economic profitability of fishing enterprises

ANGELES JULIO CESAR MORALES



ABSTRACT The purpose of the thesis was to establish the influence of the Production of Fishmeal Homogenized in the profitability of fishing enterprises. The study was a descriptive research design because it was to clarify the relationship between two variables. We used a model of operations research to optimize profitability. Specifically, we formulated a linear programming model to find an "optimal" solution. The results show that it is possible to find the "best" solution to the problem taking into account the protein, fat and moisture. For a ton of fish meal has been determined homogenized mix 812 kilos of flour, whole fish and 188 kilos of flour, canned fish waste, increasing the overall profitability of the company's 37.56% to 82.34% .

KEYWORDS: Operations Research, Optimization, Linear Programming, Fish Meal, Model, economic return, homogenization, proteins, fats, moisture.

INTRODUCTION
Contracts export trade of traditional fish meal have a fixed dollar amount for fishmeal with preset parameters. Means that if the exporter gives a higher flour protein content, no additional payment, however, if the exporter provides a flour with less protein then the calculations are made to apply a penalty. In the port of Chimbote occur, generally speaking, two types of flour, whole fish and canned waste. The alternative to not waste the excess flour proteins of whole species and not assume the penalty is to achieve homogenization. This homogenization must be planned and calculated correctly due to large volumes of flour that is produced and a homogenization process incurs high costs. According to Kuramoto (2005) the competitive advantages of the fish meal industry in Chimbote cluster and are based on the abundance of anchovies. Chimbote has a sea for the development of this marine species. Nationally, environmental legislation has had a favorable effect on the efficiency of flour companies. Modernization has reduced the conversion ratio of raw materials of 5.01 tons of flour per MT anchovy meal to 4.3. The first meal production has become a source of competitive advantage due to better market price. Chimbote does not enjoy this advantage because it only produces 6% of the first meal (or 13% if the district includes Coishco). Cabrera (1999) indicates that the raw material consists of three main fractions: solid (non-fat dry matter), oil and water. From 1000 kg of dry matter are obtained 212 kg of flour and 108 kg of oil. The purpose is to separate these fractions as small as possible, at least cost and under conditions that promote quality.
Bravo (2003) notes that the economic rate of return has to measure the return that provides the business regardless of how it was financed, while the rate of return on equity has to measure the return shareholders after payment of debt.
Taha (2005) indicates that operations research is the science that allows us to model systems and establish symbolically, with the support of the computer give significant guidance in making wise decisions. The problem specifically was: To what extent the production of fishmeal homogenized influences the profitability of fishing companies? Our hypothesis was that the Fishmeal Production Homogenized significantly increases the profitability of fishing enterprises. METHOD


The work was carried out using the Operations Research Linear programming model for the shipping warehouse belonging to a limited fishery. This model was built taking into account the percentage of protein, fat and moisture requirements and rates available in the whole fish flour and flour from fish canning waste produced at the plant. Below is a brief explanation of how the model.
a) Objects. The linear programming model used the following: 1 .-
Fishmeal for Export (Homogenized fish meal), whose requirements are: Protein, 64% (minimum), Grease, from 9 to 10.5% and Humidity , between 9.5 to 11%.
2 .- Whole fish meal produced in Planta: Which is in store shipments in bags of 50 kg and stowed in piles of 1000 bags according to NTP 204.039:1986 (sets the minimum requirements to be observed during storage fishmeal, both packaged and bulk). Percentages of protein, fat and moisture vary with several factors in his capture and processing. 3 .-
Waste Flour Canned Fish: Which is in store flour in bags of 50 kg and stowed in piles of 1000 bags. Percentages of protein, fat and moisture vary according to the source of waste and various factors in production.
b) Material. For information on the composition of all fishmeal used in the study used the reports of the Quality Control department of the company and private laboratories in the city whose samples are based on the standard NTP 204.038:1986 (Sets the method for the extraction of samples of fish meal intended for microbiological analysis) and NTP 204.034:1985 (Establishes the technical and administrative conditions for the sampling of fish meal, with the help of quality control, for purposes commercial, technical and legal). Analyses were conducted according to technical standards 204.023:1982 NTP (Sets the method for determining crude protein in fish meal), NTP 204.030:1985 (Set a routine method and a reference to determine the moisture content in fish meal), fats and NTP 204.033:1985 (Establishes a method for determining the hexane extract (routine method) and diethyl ether extract (reference method) in fish meal). For the graphical solution of the model software was used for GLP and analytical programs and WinQSB TORA.
c) Procedure. This work began compiling practical information (quality control) and the export contract to establish the constitutive restrictions model also gathered information from the Accounting Department regarding the costs of production piles of fish meal. This information is very important, since these determine the homogenized fish meal is made. With the information collected parameters were selected to consider taking out the definition of the model. Constitutive restrictions were established, terms of total quantity and cost for each type of flour to the logical operation of the model. In addition, we verified the consistency of units and the units were chosen to use for each constraint, in this case was a percentage. The value of the binding constraint should be the amount to be obtained, also a percentage of weight (which must be multiplied by 100) and must be a consistency restriction which requires that the mixture should be made for a ton of flour (restriction of quantity.) Then, enter the data into the computer using selected computer programs. RESULTS



The optimization study on the production of fishmeal homogenized made can be divided into three main parts: first, the formulation of linear programming model, and second, the data processing and entry into programs for computing the amounts to be mixed, and finally, implementation homogenization itself, thereby validating results from Quality Control. The following describes in detail each of these stages.
Formulation of the Model in Linear Programming.
Decision Variables:
X1: Weight (TN) of whole fish flour to mix
X2: Weight (TN) flour mixed waste
Objective Function:
Since we want to increase profitability, the economic function or objective function is:
Maximize (Z) = R1 R2 X1 + X2
Restrictions:
P1 X1 + P2 X2> = 64 (proteins)
G1 G2 X1 + X2 X1 + G2 G1 <= 10.5 (Máx. De Grasas)
X2> = 9 (Min. of fat)
H1 H2 X1 + X2 X1 + H1 H2 <= 11 (Máx. De Humedad)
X2> = 9.5 (min humidity) X1 + X2
<= 1 (Consistencia)
X1, X2> = 0 (non negativity)
Parameters:
R1 = Return on whole fish flour.
R2 = Return on wet waste meal of canned fish.
Proteins P1 = whole fish flour. P2 =
Protein Flour wet waste of canned fish.
G1 = Fat whole fish flour.
G2 = Fat wet waste meal of canned fish.
H1 = Moisture whole fish flour.
H2 = humidity of the wet waste meal of canned fish.

Data Processing.
Table 1 summarizes the results of quality control analysis of piles of whole fish meal, as can be seen, each pile has different levels of protein, fat and moisture. The Ruma 007-07 had higher protein content, while the pile 012-07 had the lowest content. It also shows the costs of production and economic returns associated with each tonne of flour Whole Fish, as they are reported by the accounting department. The different production costs pile of flour were mainly due to the freshness with which they processed the raw material resulting in different rates of return and / or productivity. A freshness higher performance and greater profitability. In some cases, maintenance costs or damage emerging increased production costs.

Table 2 summarizes the results of quality control analysis of the piles of flour Canned Fish wastes that can be seen in the low protein level. The pile-R 018-06 had the highest protein content, while the pile-R 002-07 showed that 52.94% is the lowest in protein. Production costs and profitability (at normal prices) associated with each tonne of flour Canned Fish wastes are shown in same table.


Table 3 summarizes the new indicators of costs and profits per tonne pile of whole fish flour and flour pile of canned fish waste involved in the production of fishmeal homogenized . Added the rework costs and utility is estimated at $ 1000 per tonne. The profitability of the whole fish meal is 28.04% which compared to its profitability, from Table 1, 29.7% is slightly lower for include costs of rework. The profitability of waste meal of canned fish is to 136.63% compared to its profitability, from Table 2, of 45.42% is significantly higher for estimated at U.S. $ 1000 per tonne.

Figure 1 shows the initial board of the TORA model in the program to process and determine the correct amount to mix whole fish flour and flour residue canned fish. A first application is to mix the pile and the pile 007-07 017-06-R. You can see the goal of economic function is the maximization (max), the economic return per tonne of each type also can be seen the coefficients of the variables in the constraints. We can check the meaning of the symbols of inequality and right values.

Figure 2 shows the Data entry in the GLP program. Weighted constraints can be seen in the Cartesian plane and is shaded in green the feasible region, also the objective function can be seen in dashed lines. The feasible region is a polygon that forms the intersection of the solution set of all restrictions on the model and each point of the region solve the problem, but what is sought is the "best." In cell PAYOFF, objective function value is Z = 48.438, which indicates that the economic return weighted to the pile 1 of homogenized fish meal is 48.44%. In the bottom of the screen the words "Optimal Decisions" us X1 values, ie the amount of whole fish meal should be added, per ton, to the mixture and the X2 value representing the amount of residual fishmeal involved in the mix, such that we give " best "solution, for our study is the X1 and X2 0.812 0.188. For the practical effects of plant means that for every 812 bags of whole fish meal must be added 188 sacks of fishmeal wastewater.

Figure 3 shows the optimal board TORA software, you can see that the solution is obtained in the fifth iteration, the value of the objective function "Obj value" is representing 48.4389 Z value = 48.44% of cost effectiveness for the pile 1 weighted fishmeal homogenized. It also appreciates the contribution of each variable to obtain the percentage of profitability, the whole fish flour contributes 22.77% and flour residue canned fish with 25.67%. The value of X1 is 0.8121 which represents approximately 81.2% of whole fish meal and the value of X2 equal to 0.1879 which represents approximately 18.8% of fish meal in the mixture residual total.

FIGURE 3. Homogenized fish meal (Ruma1) obtained with TORA.

4 is the solution to the problem with the software WinQSB, we Note that the values \u200b\u200bfor the decision variables are equal to those obtained with the application of LPG and TORA program, are appreciated the contribution of each variable in the solution. An important development in this software is that it presents the results indicating the date and time of processing. The column "Left Hand Side" indicates the theoretical values \u200b\u200bthat must be Homogenized Fishmeal. That is, in theory, should get 64% protein, fats and 9.7662% of 10.1050% humidity. The column "Slack or Surplus" shows the clearance of each constraint.

Figure 4. Homogenized fish meal (Ruma1) obtained WinQSB. Running

Optimization.
With the theoretical results, we proceeded to perform the optimization process, ie production of Ruma 1 Fishmeal homogenized. The process was carried out by personnel of a service company hired specifically for rework. We proceeded to blend 812 bags of whole fish flour and 188 bags of waste fish meal. They used a mixer type "giraffe" which consists of two input hoppers and a helical channel to raise and deliver the mixture in a ensaque mouth. The homogenization process took about 3 hours. Once the process is proceeded to sample the new pile of flour homogenized fish, resulting in Table 4 which summarizes the indicator values, obtained according to calculations and those actually obtained:

The theoretical moisture difference and that obtained in reality, it is minimal, because the homogenized flour absorbed moisture from the environment to be reprocessed, but the results are within the permitted level.
Table 5 presents the final values \u200b\u200bof profitability and a ton of fishmeal homogenized. You can see the significant increases in profitability per tonne from 37.56% to 82.34% and for every ton of mix of the pile 1 is achieved an increase of 32.66% to 48.45%.



DISCUSSION This paper has presented an application of operations research to establish the influence of the Production of Fishmeal Homogenized in the economic viability of fishing enterprises. The results show that using linear programming optimization strategy, we can find an "optimal" solution to the problem. These results make us conclude that, at least in this particular application, using the model developed significantly increases profitability. The overall profitability of the company increased from 37.56% to 82.34%, which at times current permanent closures is very attractive to investors. The economic weighted homogenized fish meal increased from 32.66% to 48.45%, this indicator takes into account the percentage contribution of the components of the mixture. These results encourage the production of flour, canned fish waste to avoid the bad practices of sun drying, some unscrupulous individuals do, generating foci of infection and also prevent environmental pollution.
Salazar (1995) indicates that any model is theoretical, then it is necessary to approach the expert, in the case of this study was verified with laboratory results, after homogenization process, the percentages of protein, fat and humidity are obtained within the requirements of the foreign buyer.
As future research plans to continue evaluating this tool in different fishing companies. Moreover, it is of great interest to try other operations research techniques such as simulation and dynamic programming, among others, to study and compare the economic returns to eventually propose to choose what strategy piles provide the most economic return . REFERENCES





Angeles, J, and Aquino, V. (1998). Implementation of a Preventive Maintenance Program in Fish Meal Factory Challwa Ancash. Chimbote: Tesis Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.

Bravo, S. (2003). Analysis of financial and economic performance. Lima: Esan.

Cabrera, C. (1999). Environmental compatibility of the fish meal industry in Paracas - Pisco. Institutional Research Review Science Geography Faculty Mining Metallurgy, 2, 119-134. ISSN 1561-0888.

I. Gass, Saul. (1985). Linear programming. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Guiagale, M, Fretwell-Cibils, V, and Newman, J. (2006). Peru. The opportunity of a different country. Lima: World Bank.

Kuramoto, J. (2005). The fishing cluster Chimbote: Partnership limited and the tragedy of the collective. Lima: GRADE.

Salazar, J. (1994). Development and Application of Linear Programming Model (Computer) Balanced Food. Valparaíso: Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.

Taha, H. (2005). Operations Research, an introduction. Mexico: Prentice Hall.

Square Dolder Fuse Box

Linear Programming Grapher GLP

Introducción

Optimizer Linear Programming Graphics GLP is designed to solve linear constraints. The program supports up six linear constraints. This program can find optimal solutions to maximization or minimization problems automatically.

Commands -> Command
File menu -> File menu
Edit menu -> Edit Menu
View menu -> View
menu Option menu -> Options menu
Window menu -> Window menu
Help menu -> Help menu


Toolbar -> Toolbar
New -> New
Open -> Open
Save -> Save
Print -> Print
Copy -> Copy
Copy Picture -> Copy Figure
Cut -> Cut
Paste -> Paste
Auto Max -> Maximizing Auto Auto
Min -> Automatic Minimization
Auto Zoom -> Zoom
Auto Trim -> Trim
Toggle Label -> Provider
Toggle Color label - > Provider
Toggle Grey color -> gray Provider
Toggle Integer -> Provider integers
Hold -> Hold
Reset -> Undo Redo
-> Undo


How ... ... ... ... ... ... ....

1. How do I enter tags? Login

labels for both axes X and Y are needed before editing restrictions. You can enter labels on the box label.

2. How to enter restrictions?

You can enter / edit restrictions in the box constraints. GLP supports up to six linear constraints.

The inequalities (< ó >) are not allowed in the restrictions. For example, 2.0X + 3.0Y <= 3.0 y 3.0X - 4.0Y > = -5.0 are valid, but 2.0X + 1.0Y -5.0 <> are not valid. GLP

supports the optional use of labels in the constraints, ending in two points.
Example:

Task: 5.0X + 1.0Y <= 3.0

You can click on the + or - next to the box constraints to raise or lower the value on the right side of the inequality.

3. How to enter the objective function?

can write the equation of the objective function in the framework of the objective function: The inequalities are not allowed in the equation of the objective function. For example, 2.0X + 3.0Y = 3.0 is valid, but <= 3.0 ó 2.0X + 3.0Y > 2.0X + 3.0Y = 3.0 is not valid.

4. How to move a label, a line of constraint and objective function line
the mouse?

can move a label, a line of restriction or a line of objective function for the mouse, just move your cursor to the line or label you want to move, and press the left mouse button to select it. You can drag the selected label or line to any desired position.
When you release the left mouse button to end the movement. However, the constraint lines can not be moved by clicking drawn when in cutting mode. You have to deactivate the cut in order to move the constraint lines using the mouse.

5. How to change the size of the scale?

can modify the size of the scale in the zoom boxes X and Y. Their values default is 6.

You can also get help to the appropriate size scale Autozoom pressing the button in the toolbar.

6. How to change the display decimal precision?

can control the decimal precision of all values. Just edit the decimal in the decimal box. You can click on the Auto + / - to increase or decrease as well. The decimal place affects the location of the Auto + / - line optimization.

7. How to change the values \u200b\u200bof X Min, Max X, Y Min and Y Max?

Min X, Max X, Y Min and Y Max are minimum and maximum values \u200b\u200bof the axes of the abscissae and ordinates. Can be changed to provide better visualization of results and graphics.
8. How to get the optimal solution? GLP

calculates the best value for the objective function, so that it complies with the constraints of linear programming model. After entering the values \u200b\u200bof the objective function and constraints can calculate the optimal decision. You can do the calculation by clicking on the button AutoMax or click AutoMin the toolbar.






Practical Work.

Instructions:

- Solve the following problem graphically.
- Linear Program to Implement the software GPL. This work will be done as a lab.


Max (z) = 2X1 + 3X2

sa:
<= 20

5X2 4X1 + 5x1 + 3x2 + X2 X1 <= 15

<= 5

X1, X2> = 0

Dirt Bike Baby Shower Theme

Other features of C + +

God Morgen Pasiero

How are you?

Thank you always, to you, to visit month after month, this little corner of the Internet .

This month we continue in the programming ...

talk about functions defined in C + +

"Are you ready?

There are many language features that provide us with scheduling ... uff .... If there ... since, for a print ...

Functions:

1. "court": This function is used to print Online whatever ... and when I say whatever ... I mean it has no restrictions on printing. Bookseller STREAM ... need is: # include . The format: court <<”Lo que quieres imprimir”;…si le quieres adjuntar una variable o constant ... <<”Lo que va a imprimir” <

court

Joint

this function is related to another ... is based on using printf and scanf.

2. "cin": This function is used to read a fact ... that's why I said it was like the printf and scanf. Use the library of the court itself and its format is: cin>> variable to read. " And logically assume that if we are reading a whole will not use this function, introducing another type of data.

3. 'strcpy': This feature lets you copy a string to a variable, string obviously ... but I wonder ... why do not assign a string to a string? ... It's NOT ok ... . Format: strcpy (string variable, "Value to assign ");... example: strcpy (h," See you "), obviously we have declared a string variable (if you forgot: char [] .)

4. 'strcat': This feature allows us to concatenate a string with another. When I say concatenate, I mean that binds him to one other value, it is that makes them one. Format: strcat (, ) ... example: strcat (g, k).

5. "strcmp": This feature allows us to compare two string variables and results of this comparison, a Boolean data (data type is 1 or 0). If the comparison indicates 0, not true, if given 1, it is true. Format: strcmp ((, ) ... Example: strcmp (f, x);.

6. "gets": This feature allows us to read only a string value. We are more efficient with respect to scanf. Format: gets () ... example: gets (ced).

This function has a sister ...

7. "puts" is almost the same as it gets, only this is for printing string's. Format: puts () ... example: puts (ced).

8. 'strlen': I love this feature because with it I can know what is the size of a string entered. Do not think: if we declare a string of 10 characters, the size will be 10 characters ... what happens if the string entered is 10 characters ... can not say it is 10, when in fact it is not. So then this function. Format: strlen () ... example: strlen (ced).

9. "sizeof": This function is similar to strlen, but this gives the size in memory of the variable ... two very different things, with respect to strlen. Format: sizeof () ... example: sizaof (ced).

Well, that's all ...

I think this can do many things ...

is more ... by do not ... a simple algorithm: create an algorithm that prints on display, a string entered, but in reverse. That is, if I enter "Ivan", showing "NAVI". It is not difficult, with these functions you can do it quickly.

I hope you enjoyed this ... thanks for visiting ...

See you next month!

Saellvertu og God Morgen!

How Long Does An Acl Tear Take To Heal

Functions in C + +

Hello friends ...
Scholars


computer I have to apologize to you because I've written anything in good time, but the reason for this is that the university leaves me pretty busy, but I'm here for you, you visit and read my articles.

This month I'll discuss some more advanced programming (we are not beginners) in Borland C + +, is a bit short but it helps to increase our development in this language

Begin!


First, what is a function? Is a subroutine that executes a series of statements with certain values \u200b\u200band only returns a single value. So, this function can be called from the main program no matter how many times is called.

Mention "certain values" that values \u200b\u200bare called parameters, which are data that the function will work. Furthermore I "Return value" means any function performs this operation, but one must take into account the value to be returned, must be same type as the variable that will pick up that value. I can not say that the whole function and the variable that will pick up the value, it is floating. Produces an undesired result.

How to declare a feature?
bookstores
When we declare that we will use in the program, immediately declaring the function, along with its parameters that will gridding.

Example:

( ... etc)
int sum (int a, int b) How

I call it?

In the main program, just type the name, plus the parameters of that function. This tells the C + + compiler which is a function that is invoked.

Example:

sum (a, b)

And then, the function?

After you declare the function and you make the call, of course, you program the function. Is declared as follows:

(parameters)
sum (int a, int b) It

write all you want me to do the role, but considering that only return a single return value.

Something very important! After terms of structures that your function, you should always put the keyword "return ()" and the parentheses, the value to be returned. It tells the program that is over the role and will send a return value ... as they say: hey! I finished, I'm coming ... hahahaha ... I mean?

Here is an example of a simple function of adding two numbers, so that they look better:

# include # include

/ / declare
function int sum (int a, int b) void main
()

{int w, e, h;
printf ("program that adds two numbers \\ n");
printf ("First number \\ n");
scanf ("% d", & w);
printf ("Second number \\ n");
scanf ("% d", & e);
/ / call the function and what returns, which manages the variable "h"
h = sum (w, e);
printf ("\\ n% d", h);

} / / function header has this structure
sum ( int a, int b)

{int k;
k = a + b;
return (k) / / indicates that the function ends and it will return a value}


Well dude, I think that is
all hope that everything has become clearer than water from the jar

Anything, I get a email and how much pleasure they clarify the question

Thanks for taking a moment of your time to visit ...

See you next month!

Saellvertu og God Morgen!

5 Days To Period Tired White Discharge.

Basic programming in C + + Control Structures

This month put an old article as I have a friend asked me ... is beginning in C ++...

I'll write in program source (where you enter) and explain the syntax (as it should be written) the same: # include
(less than sign) stdio.h (greater than sign)
# include (less than sign) conio.h (sign more than)
void main ()
{
clrscr ();
int a, b, c, sum;
printf ("Enter first number:");
scanf ("% d", & a);
printf ("Enter the second núemro:");
scanf ("% d", & b);
printf ("Enter the third numeri:");
scanf ("% d", & c);
sum = (a + b + c);
printf ("\\ n The sum of the numbers is:% d", sum);}


This is a simple program that performs the sum of three integers, I now proceed to explain the syntax of it (what most important):
1. You place the "Policies" are those that define the program figuratively. Are directives that indicate the kinds of input and output devices and their configuration. So I put # include # include and because the first does not mean the "standards of entry and exit as you enter the data ... its acronym in English: std: standard," i "and" or ": input and output (O)
2. After that you put void main (). "Void" tells us that does not return or return information. "Main ()" is an input method that tells the program running.

3. You should put a parenthesis indicates that the same body of the program, which begins and where it ends. First is "{" then "}". That last parenthesis should go to the end of the whole body of the program.

4. clrscr () india wiping everything on screen is not removed, but whitening.

5. After this, you must declare the variables (to change, you change the value several times) and constant (no change, just the statements, the program is not allowed to change this value), how?, If you put the word variable reserved "int" integer, which tells us that is whole and only accept integer values. If eg enter 2, she grabs the 2, if you enter 2596, it only holds the number 2, you indicated that it was over, the variable is going to take that value. If you want grip and decimals, then back to be "int", you must put "float" for floating, that tells us that grabs whole with or without decimals. When you declare a constant you do with the word "const", you give a space, followed by the name of the constant, with value. So: const pi = 3.1415927.

6. Next, you send a message to request the value to use, I put "Enter the first number:" you can put the one you want. When you're printing a message you place the word "printf" followed by a parenthesis, in the same place it stretchers, write the message and close quotes. What is inside quotation marks indicate that it is a constant alphanumeric (letters and numbers) in this case. It can also be numbers.

7. Then, put the keyword "scanf ("% f ",%" X "). The scanf it does is to capture the value you entered, in replying to the message that asks for the data at the time of executing the program. You add the parentheses, quotation marks in a row, "% f" (the "f" belongs to printf, so capture that value), the comma after the "&" (The "&" is part of the syntax) next to the variable that will contain the value you entered. Put "X" because it is the variable that will contain the value. It may be "a" or "salary" so to speak (I'm telling you that what you write in quotes is a constant). This should do it as often as necessary, if at least two variables declared, you must do it twice to give a value to each (twice "printf" and "scanf" ... first put "printf" and then "scanf") , This should do it depending on many variables (which you must enter a value, if constant not, that is the gave, remember what I put above!) has declared.

8. Then you must put the expression that will run the computer, look up as you write.

9. Send a message indicating what the outcome. I send to print (not print to the printer, but put it on the screen) "The sum of the numbers is:" That depends on what you do ... I explained?

10. At the end you've already written all you skip a line or space and you put the key that I've told you to put on.

is Hope you enjoyed this little article and if you have any questions, write to me mail, which I gladly will resolve the doubt ...

Until the next ... well ...

portencen others Let them know you like it to be able to expand this space ...

Goodbye and the next ... Saellvertu!!

Hamburg Blaupunkt Bluetooth

computer Hello

I hope you have received a good 2007

I therefore hope that all your wishes come true ... Thanks for

visit again.

This month we will talk about programming.

Our topic is: Control Structures.

Eyes to the text!

(supposedly to work ... lol)

Primera mente, el la programación, se necesitan estrategias para resolver un problema, tan simple como llevar el peso de los pasajeros de un avión, como uno tan difícil como llevar la base de datos de un ministerio…

Es por eso que “Las estructuras de control” son las herramientas que nos ayudan a pensar en grande sin ninguna limitación. Imagina de no existieran, la programación perdería seguidores.

Ha de mencionarse que hay ramificaciones de estas structures and that they use variables (to remember, expect there to figure this out):

å repetitive structure.

å Alternative Structures.

let's define ...

å repetitive structures: those structures that allow us to repeat a number of statements a certain number of times.

å Alternative Structures: These are the structures that give us the option of choosing a path, depending on the choice we have to evaluate an expression (the expression that I do not mean to mathematics, but, to such an assessment if this is this or that came to, etc ... I explained?)

Rating:

å repetitive structures are classified into 3. Structure, For, While and Until.

å Alternative structures are classified into 3. If-then structure (conditional simple), if-then structure "Otherwise (conditional double) and Case Structure.

repetitive structure

å Structure To: we use when we know twins Sometimes they will repeat the instructions or we can say, a known number of times.

å While Structure: This structure works by evaluating an option. If this is true, it enters the repeat cycle, otherwise continue with the rest of the code. Used when we do not know how many times will be repeated.

å Until Structure: As with the other, use an expression to enter repetitive cycle. If this is false, the goes, and otherwise, continue execution of code. Used when we know that will be repeated at least once or every time I do not know how many times will be repeated.

worth noting two things: 1. That is very important to know that the structures while and until, if they work with an expression to enter the cycle, they need, by force, an expression (in code) to modify the variable expression (before entering) . 2. The variables used in the expressions of the three structures must be BY FORCE, whole, since there is no cycle and means to say that the variable is floating. Let us look at algorithm.

Structure For .

Format:

For (variable1 = 0; variable1> = number or other variable, variable1 = variable1 +1 [or two or three])

{

Code to perform;

}

Otherwise:

integer x;

For (x = 0, x> 2 [you can use the same depending on your logic], x = x +1 [is valid: x + +])

{

code to be executed;

}

* when it comes here, he returns to evaluate the option to see if it is true or false, that for the other two structures.

Explanation: When you first enter, question: x> 2 (0> 2), why zero?, Since x is 0, this is true, he enters. Complete and return question: x> 2 (in this case is: 1> 2, since entering the x increases by one and so on, make the condition true (x> 2).

While structure.

Format:

While (expression)

{

code to be executed;

expression that modifies the expression mother

}

* When I came here to check the expression returns.

Example:

whole and,

While (and <5)

{

Print ("I @");

y = y +1; (expression changes, "explained to me with this?)

}

* when it comes here, go check if the expression is true.

Explanation: states "and" as a whole and takes the value 0 by default. When it comes to the ring, asks, and <5 y="y">

"It counts from 0 to the front. The 0 count, but if you want, you can say it starts at 1. If you do a screen test with the two forms, given the two, 5 reps (of 0 to 4 and 1 to 5)

Am I explaining?

Structure Until .

Format:

Until (expression)

{

code to be executed;

Expression mother adjust to the expression.

}

* When I came here to check the expression returns.

Example:

integer k;

Until (k> = 2)

{

Print ("¿¿¿'re learning ?????@");

k + +; (this is valid and adjust to the "k "to use the expression)

}

* when it comes here, go check if the expression is false.

The explanation is the same, only the exopresión must be false to enter.

Alternative Structures

å if-then structure ( simple conditional) is used when, in evaluating an expression, if true, log on to execute a single instruction code.

Å

-if-then structure Otherwise (conditional double): we use when evaluating a choice, if this is true, executes a series of instructions, to be not true, execute the other code instructions.

å Case Structure: Used when you know that more than two options chosen. We think it would be like a menu, in fact, is that the structure is conducive to menus. Auque, as logic is king, I also make a menu if-then structure or if-then-otherwise. These structures would be embedded (one inside the other). This structure works with a single variable that will be full. Depending on the value of, will come looking for conquierde case with the value, when found, will execute the code that is written in it. It is important to note that inside the code should be the sentences " break; " which tells the structure, it's over, and that should come, to continue with the rest of the code.

Let formats.

if-then structure .

Format:

Yes (condition)

{

Code run;

}

Example:

Yes (> 5)

{

Print ("a has a value greater than 5, so it went, and it is true");

}

if-then structure-In Otherwise .

Format:

Yes (condition)

{

Code to execute if the condition is true;

}

Otherwise

{

Code to execute if the condition is not met;

}

Example:

Yes ( < 3)

{

Print ("a has a value less than 3" )

}

Otherwise

{

Print ("a has a value greater than 3" )

}

If not satisfied, go to the fake.

Case Structure.

Format:

Case (variable)

{

Case 1

{

instruction code executed if the condition is correct;

}

Case 2

{

instruction code executed if the condition is correct;

}

Case 3

{

instruction code executed if the condition is correct;

}

And so on ...

} * this is the key to closing the case body

Example:

Case (a)

{

Case 1

{

Print ("Are you learning? ");

break;

}

Case 2

{

Print ("If you do not understand, ask me !!!");

break;

}

} * this is the key to closing the case body.

If a is 1, in and done what is in a block, if two, which is in block two.

Hope you liked it.

If you do not understand, ask me with confidence ...

Best regards and see you next month.

Goodbye!